Wang and the Lewis Sigler Institute sequencing core facility for assistance with high-throughput Illumina and 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing L. Bassler for assistance with confocal microscopy W. Laevsky, the Molecular Biology Confocal Microscopy Facility (a Nikon Center of Excellence), J. Davidson and the late Ruth Gates at HIMB for laboratory space and assistance during the field work conducted in this study. van der Donk, Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products: Overview and recommendations for a universal nomenclature. We combined metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and chemical analyses with microbial cultivation, fluorescence microscopy, and evolutionary genomics to determine the molecular bases of kahalalide production and evolution in this tripartite marine symbiosis. The molecular structures of the kahalalides show several features of microbial biosynthesis: They are fatty acid–cyclic peptide hybrids with several d- and nonproteinogenic amino acids, thus motivating us to hypothesize that the kahalalides are produced by a bacterial or fungal symbiont of Bryopsis sp. ![]() One of these molecules, kahalalide F, is a potent cytotoxin and has been evaluated clinically as an anticancer agent. Both organisms are chemically defended against predators by a diverse library of lipopeptide toxins, the kahalalides, but the details of kahalalide production and diversification are unknown (see the figure). ![]() and its predator, the mollusk Elysia rufescens. In this work, we studied toxin production in the Hawaiian marine alga Bryopsis sp.
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